Advancing radiation shielding: A review the role of Bismuth in X-ray protection

This study explores the efficacy of bismuth (Bi) as an additive in X-ray radiation shielding materials, addressing the pressing need for safer and more sustainable alternatives to lead (Pb). To compile a comprehensive dataset, we systematically reviewed 25 scholarly journals sourced from authoritative platforms, including www.sciencedirect.com, www.springer.com, and www.mdpi.com. Our analysis focuses on key shielding parameters and material density values, comparing them before and after the introduction of bismuth. The results, consistent with previous research on Bismuth Oxychloride Nanoparticles (BiOCl NPs) embedded within Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites, reveal remarkable enhancements. Specifically, the incorporation of bismuth led to an impressive 80% increase in material density, a substantial 99% boost in the Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC), and a notable 93% rise in the Mass Attenuation Coefficient (MAC). These findings highlight the promising potential of bismuth-based materials for superior X-ray radiation shielding. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects and challenges surrounding the large-scale production and implementation of bismuth as a sustainable and effective alternative to lead in radiation shielding applications. This study contributes valuable insights into the ongoing efforts to advance radiation protection technologies while minimizing environmental and health concerns.