Biomolecule-tailored chiral nickel oxide nanozymes amplify autophagy-mediated tumor ablation via synergistic photodynamic-chemodynamic therapy

immunohistochemical assays and high-throughput proteomic analysis confirmed that D-Cys-NiO exhibited stronger enhanced permeability and retention effects and induced more significant autophagic behavior than L-Cys-NiO, suggesting a chirality-dependent enhanced autophagy pathway for tumor ablation during photodynamic-chemodynamic synergistic therapy. We expect that these findings will provide exceptional insights into next-generation tumor photosensitizer designs, focusing on the regulation of autophagy in tumor cells through chirality-dependent photoinduction.