Intravesicular gelation of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived microvesicles for enhanced therapeutic angiogenesis in lower limb ischemia

experiments demonstrated that gelation preserved the integrity of bioactive components and maintained their functional activity. In a murine lower limb ischemia model, gel-MVs significantly enhanced angiogenesis, restored blood perfusion, reduced apoptosis, and promoted tissue regeneration in ischemic limbs. This study introduces a novel strategy that integrates artificial polymer networks with natural microvesicles, providing a promising platform for engineering robust and functional MSC-MVs with enhanced therapeutic potential for clinical translation.