Expanding Asgard members in the domain of Archaea shed new light on the origin of eukaryotes

Abstract The hypothesis that eukaryotes originated from within the domain Archaea has been strongly supported by recent phylogenomic analyses placing Heimdallarchaeota from the Asgard superphylum as the closest known archaeal sister-group to eukaryotes. At present, only six phyla are described in the Asgard superphylum, which limits our understanding of the relationship between eukaryotes and archaea, as well as the evolution and ecological functions of the Asgard archaea. Here, we describe five previously unknown phylum-level Asgard archaeal lineages, tentatively named Tyr-, Sigyn-, Freyr-, Njord- and Balderarchaeota. Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses further supported the origin of eukaryotes within Archaea and a new Asgard lineage Njordarchaeota was supposed as the known closest branch with the eukaryotic nuclear host lineage. Metabolic reconstruction suggests that the Asgard archaea described here have potential to fix inorganic carbon via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and degrade organic matters except Njordarchaeota, which may possess a heterotrophic lifestyle with capability of peptides and amino acids utilization. Additionally, the Ack/Pta pathway for homoacetogenesis and de novo anaerobic cobalamin biosynthesis pathway were found in Balderarchaeota and Tyrarchaeota, respectively. This study largely expands the Asgard superphylum, provides additional evidences to support the 2-domain life tree and sheds new light on the evolution of eukaryotes.