Characterizing the protein corona of sub-10 nm nanoparticles

Studies into the interactions of serum proteins with nanoparticles are typically performed using nanoparticles that are larger than the size of proteins. Due to this size discrepancy, adsorbed proteins are commonly depicted as a globular structure surrounding a nanoparticle. Here, we asked how we should view nanoparticle–protein complexes when the nanoparticles are of similar size or smaller than the proteins with which they interact. We showed that nanoparticles can serve as a cargo on a protein rather than as a carrier of the protein in a size-dependent manner. This can occur when nanoparticles are below 10 nm in diameter. We discovered that when the nanoparticle is a cargo on the protein, the binding of the protein to the receptor target is minimally affected in contrast to the nanoparticle serving as a carrier. Our study should change how we view and describe nanoparticle–protein complexes when the nanoparticles involved are equal in size or smaller than proteins.