A Comprehensive Review of Synthetic Strategies and Structural Features of Carbon Dots Along With Their Potential in Modern Agriculture

ABSTRACT Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as promising carbon‐based nanomaterials for sustainable agriculture because of their small size, tunable optical properties, water dispersibility, and versatile surface chemistry. However, despite growing interest in their agricultural applications, the relationships between CD synthesis, physicochemical properties, plant uptake, and biological responses remain insufficiently understood. This review critically examines the synthesis and characterization of CDs and evaluates how precursor selection, reaction conditions, and surface functionalization influence their structural and optical properties. It places particular emphasis on synthesis optimization and scalability, as well as the mechanisms governing CD uptake, translocation, and accumulation in plants. The review further discusses their potential applications in seed priming, nutrient delivery, photosynthetic enhancement, stress mitigation, plant protection, and sensing. Unlike previous discussions focused primarily on individual applications, this review integrates CD design and physicochemical properties with plant interactions and agricultural performance. It critically highlights key knowledge gaps in dose‐dependent phytotoxicity, environmental fate, soil accumulation, and potential long‐term effects on soil microbial communities. By linking material design with biological responses and environmental considerations, this review provides a framework for rationally developing efficient, scalable, and environmentally responsible CD‐based technologies for sustainable agricultural systems.