3D-printed PRP-infused double-network hydrogels orchestrate inflammation resolution and vascular regeneration in infected wounds

, PPG accelerates wound closure in bacteria-infected models by facilitating re-epithelialization, collagen remodeling, and neovascularization, as evidenced by sustained α-SMA and elevated CD31 expression. Mechanistically, PPG activates the PI3K/AKT/eNOS signaling axis, further supporting angiogenesis and extracellular matrix deposition. RNA-seq validation showed that PPG upregulated DEFB4 and SPRR2F, promoting wound healing and modulating inflammation. Collectively, this work presents a 3D-printed, bioactive hydrogel platform with synchronized antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and pro-regenerative properties, offering strong translational potential for treating infected wounds.