High-resolution relaxometry-based calibrated fMRI in murine brain: Metabolic differences between awake and anesthetized states

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques using the blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal have shown great potential as clinical biomarkers of disease. Thus, using these techniques in preclinical rodent models is an urgent need. Calibrated fMRI is a promising technique that can provide high-resolution mapping of cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMR O2 ). However, calibrated fMRI is difficult to use in rodent models for several reasons: rodents are anesthetized, stimulation-induced changes are small, and gas challenges induce noisy CMR O2 predictions. We used, in mice, a relaxometry-based calibrated fMRI method which uses cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the BOLD-sensitive magnetic relaxation component, R 2 ′, the same parameter derived in the deoxyhemoglobin-dilution model of calibrated fMRI. This method does not use any gas challenges, which we tested on mice in both awake and anesthetized states. As anesthesia induces a whole-brain change, our protocol allowed us to overcome the former limitations of rodent studies using calibrated fMRI. We revealed 1.5-2 times higher CMR O2 , dependent upon brain region, in the awake state versus the anesthetized state. Our results agree with alternative measurements of whole-brain CMR O2 in the same mice and previous human anesthesia studies. The use of calibrated fMRI in rodents has much potential for preclinical fMRI.