The role of organic ligand shell structures in colloidal nanocrystal synthesis

Organic ligands are essential in the growth of monodisperse colloidal inorganic nanocrystals and can be leveraged to create a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Inorganic nanocrystals coated with surfactant-like organic molecules have a vast range of properties that arise from the combination of the individual components. In this Review, we discuss the role that the tails of the organic ligands play in the synthesis and properties of colloidal nanocrystals, particularly the collective effects of the organic ligands on the surface. Ligand–ligand interactions influence the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the nanocrystals, as well as alter their colloidal stability. These interactions should inform the conceptualization of new nanocrystal syntheses as they influence the surface energy of the colloid, and these interactions should play a role in subsequent assembly strategies to prepare nanocrystal superlattices, which are driven by interparticle interactions. Inorganic nanocrystals coated with surfactant-like organic molecules have a vast range of properties arising from the combination of their components. In this Review, the role of the organic ligands on the synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals is discussed with a focus on the tails of the ligands and their collective effects on the surface.