Regulation of iron and cadmium uptake in rice roots by iron(iii) oxide nanoparticles: insights from iron plaque formation, gene expression, and nanoparticle accumulation

Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles alleviated Cd uptake mainly via down-regulation of OsNRAMP5 , OsCd1 , OsIRT1 and OsIRT2 in roots, while the contribution of the enhanced formation of Fe plaque was minor.