Protective effects of ginsenoside F2 on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways

: Ginsenoside F2 (GF2) serves as the principal intestinal metabolite resulting from the oral intake of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius, exhibiting antioxidative, hypolipidemic, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, its effect on myocardial infarction (MI) is still unknown. : The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect and the underlying mechanisms of GF2 against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI. : ISO-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes and MI rat models were utilized as in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the impact of anti-MI of GF2. The underlying mechanisms were investigated using a variety of methodologies, including electrocardiography, Western blot analysis, histopathological examination, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA techniques. : In vivo experiments, our results indicated that GF2 significantly ameliorated ISO-induced electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities, myocardial fiber necrosis, rupture, fibrosis of myocardial tissues, and suppressed cardiac enzyme activities. Meanwhile, GF2 notably raised the activity of antioxidant enzymes like CAT, GSH, and SOD. Furthermore, it downregulated Keap1 expression level while upregulating NQO1, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression levels. Additionally, GF2 suppressed the expression of the cleaved caspase-3 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax while promoting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, p-PI3K, and p-Akt. TUNEL fluorescence results also demonstrated that GF2 effectively inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, consistent with the results of animal experiments, GF2 considerably attenuated ROS generation, changed apoptosis and mitochondrial function, and reduced oxidative stress in ISO-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes through activating Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. : Taken together, GF2 ameliorated MI by preventing cardiocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction via modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, showing potential as a treatment strategy for treating MI.