A comprehensive study on Herba Epimedium-derived extracellular nanovesicles as a prospective therapy for alveolar bone regeneration in postmenopausal osteoporosis

, EELN-loaded hydroxyapatite nano-whisker (E-GW) composites were used to repair mandibular defects in an OVX-induced osteoporosis rat model. The results indicate that EELNs are promising therapeutic agents for the regeneration and bone mass maintenance of alveolar defects in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients and offer potential perspectives for natural products in postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment.