A comprehensive study on Herba Epimedium-derived extracellular nanovesicles as a prospective therapy for alveolar bone regeneration in postmenopausal osteoporosis

EELNs were rich in metabolites and miRNAs with the therapeutic potential in osteoporosis. In vitro , EELNs enhanced osteogenesis targeting Pi3k/Akt/mTOR pathway. In vivo , EELN-loaded HA nano-whisker composite successfully repaired mandibular defect in osteoporosis rat.