Polystyrene nanoplastics reprogramed pulmonary metabolisms mediated by immune regulation of myeloid hypoxia-inducible factor 1α

) mouse model was employed. A shortened 2-week exposure experiment confirmed the indispensable role of HIF-1α in myeloid cells for metabolic modulation during PS-NP exposure. Spearman correlation analysis identified associations between immune cell populations and HIF-1α-related metabolites, suggesting potential crosstalk between HIF-1α-mediated metabolic alterations and immune changes induced by PS-NPs. Our study reveals the critical role of HIF-1α in myeloid cells in modulating lung metabolism and its potential crosstalk with the immune system, offering novel insights on the progression of NP-induced pulmonary toxicity.