A Murine Model of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Demonstrates Compromised Limb Function in the Ischemic Hind Limb

Key Points Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) is a global public health problem; however, its mediators remain poorly known, in part due to the lack of a reliable animal model. A combination of high fat and adenine diet recapitulate some of the CKD and metabolic phenotypes of CKM. This model also demonstrates myocardial fibrosis and peripheral artery disease with sex-based differences and can be leveraged to probe mechanisms of CKM. Background Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a public health problem in the United States and results in premature cardiovascular disease at a relatively preserved GFR. The molecular mediators of CKM are poorly understood, partly due to the lack of a reliable animal model. We set out to generate an animal model with renal and metabolic dysfunctions, using peripheral artery disease (PAD) as a CKM manifestation. Methods C57BL/6 male and female mice were randomized into four groups: a normal diet (controls), a 0.2% adenine diet (AD, a CKD model), a high-fat diet (HFD, a metabolic model), and a combination of HFD+AD (a potential CKM model). The mice underwent a hind limb ischemia, followed by an array of structural, endurance, and postexercise hyperemia assays. Results Compared with control mice, HFD+AD male mice had 23%–50% higher weight and GFR than the AD group ( P = 0.003). The kidneys of HFD+AD showed tubular atrophy, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, immune infiltration, glomerulomegaly, consistent with glomerular hyperperfusion, hypercholesterolemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and adipophilin in the liver, an early marker of hepatic steatosis, and myocardial fibrosis. The HFD+AD mice showed reductions in the hind limb perfusion ratios, microcapillary density, type 2 muscle fibers, and increased muscle fibrosis, immune infiltration, and lowest cross-sectional muscle area. Female CKM mice revealed distinct differences from male mice. Compared with AD and HFD alone, female CKM mice exposed to HFD+AD demonstrated additive phenotypes in endurance assays (distance traveled, exhaustion time, and grip strength) without a similar effect in postischemia perfusion, suggesting skeletal muscle, and microcapillary dysfunction. Conclusions A combination of HFD+AD in mice displays features of CKD, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular disease at a higher GFR, consistent with human CKM. This model can be explored to probe the mechanisms and heterogeneity and sex-specific differences in CKM.