Halogen-confining host materials for high-performance zinc–halogen batteries

and Zn-dual halogen configurations. Furthermore, optimization strategies encompassing rational structural design, surface functionalization, heteroatom doping, engineering of single/dual-atom catalysts and heterostructure engineering are highlighted to promote halogen confinement, accelerate redox kinetics, and facilitate charge transport within halogen-based cathodes. Finally, we provide a concise perspective on existing barriers and emerging opportunities, offering valuable guidance for high-performance zinc-halogen batteries.