Recent Advances in Genetic Engineering Strategies of Sinorhizobium meliloti

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a free-living soil Gram-negative bacterium that participates in nitrogen-fixation symbiosis with several legumes. S. meliloti has the potential to be utilized for the production of high-value nutritional compounds, such as vitamin B12. Advances in gene editing tools play a vital role in the development of S. meliloti strains with enhanced characteristics for biotechnological applications. Several novel genetic engineering strategies have emerged in recent years to investigate genetic modifications in S. meliloti. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanism and application of the extensively used Tn5-mediated genetic engineering strategies. Strategies based on homologous recombination and site-specific recombination were also discussed. Subsequently, the development and application of the genetic engineering strategies utilizing various CRISPR/Cas systems in S. meliloti are summarized. This review may stimulate research interest among scientists, foster studies in the application areas of S. meliloti, and serve as a reference for the utilization of genome editing tools for other Rhizobium species.