Hybrid Nanogenerators for Ocean Energy Harvesting: Mechanisms, Designs, and Applications

Abstract The ocean holds vast potential as a renewable energy source, but harnessing its power has been challenging due to low‐frequency and high‐amplitude stimulation. However, hybrid nanogenerators (HNGs) offer a promising solution to convert ocean energy into usable power efficiently. With their high sensitivity and flexible design, HNGs are ideal for low‐frequency environments and remote ocean regions. Combining triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and electromagnetic nanogenerators (EMGs) creates a unique hybrid system that maximizes energy harvesting. Ultimately, hybrid energy‐harvesting systems offer a sustainable and reliable solution for growing energy needs. This study provides an in‐depth review of the latest research on ocean energy harvesting by hybrid systems, focusing on self‐powered applications. The article also discusses primary hybrid designs for devices, powering self‐powered units such as wireless communication systems, climate monitoring systems, and buoys as applications. The potential of HNGs is enormous, and with rapid advancements in research and fabrication, these systems are poised to revolutionize ocean energy harvesting. It outlines the pros and cons of HNGs and highlights the major challenges that must be overcome. Finally, future outlooks for hybrid energy harvesters are also discussed.