Structure-Driven Bioactivity of Chitosan-Agarose-Gelatin Hydrogels Functionalized with Tannic Acid-Cu 2+ /Sr 2+ Complexes

for its reported osteoconductive potential, no osteogenic stimulation was observed under the tested conditions. This finding indicates that further optimization of ion ratios and/or TA concentration is required to achieve clinically relevant multibiofunctional hydrogels for bone-related applications.