The ancient history of the studies of Shandong can be divided into two main stages: 1) from the remote antiquity to the pre-Qin period. It was mentioned (in the History of Han) that Yi had experienced three remote antiquities and been perfected by three sages, of whom two were Shandong-ese, Fu Xi and Confucius, the Eastern Alien culture and Zou-lu culture being the background of the culture of this period. 2) The Confucian classics studies period. As a part of the Confucian classics studies, studies from the Han to Qing dynasties formed three systems of the Han Yi, Jin and Song Yi, and there appeared some outstanding scholars as ZHENG Xuan and WANG Bi. All these three systems originated from Shandong, with the Qi-lu culture being the background.