Exploring advanced functional nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of mycotoxins in food matrices: A comprehensive review

The detection of mycotoxins is a worldwide issue given their significant effects on both food safety and human health. The European Union (EU) has implemented various measures to address mycotoxin contamination and regulate their levels in food and feed. Given the high toxicity of mycotoxins, it is essential to develop a sensor that is sensitive, selective, and practical for their detection. The electrochemical sensing platforms emerge as a feasible analytical instrument for tackling specificity and sensitivity concerns, owing to its cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and user-friendly nature. The present review outlines a variety of electrochemical sensing platforms that have been developed in recent years for the detection of mycotoxins. Initially, it provides an overview of electrochemical sensors, both nonenzymatic and enzymatic featuring diverse bioreceptors such as immunosensors, aptasensors, and enzymatic sensors, all geared towards detecting mycotoxins. The subsequent section provides further details on electrochemical sensors that are portable, wireless, and compatible with smartphones. In summary, the review sought to offer valuable perspectives on the existing challenges and prospective advancements in electrochemical sensor technology.