A systematic review of ghosting as a relationship dissolution method in emerging adults’ relationships

Introduction/Objective: Ghosting, defined as the abrupt termination of a relationship without explanation or further contact, has become increasingly common among youth and emerging adults, largely due to the widespread use of digital platforms. This systematic review aims to synthesise empirical evidence on the characteristics of individuals involved in ghosting, their motivations, emotional and psychological consequences, and the instruments used to assess the phenomenon. Method: A total of 11 studies published between 2019 and 2024 were analysed, including 4,981 participants up to 29 years of age. The selected studies employed quantitative, qualitative, mixed, and experimental methodologies. Results: Ghosting is associated with avoidant attachment styles, the need for closure, and specific personality traits among those who ghost, while victims tend to display anxious attachment and high levels of social comparison. Motivations for ghosting are diverse and include conflict avoidance, emotional self-protection, disinterest, and poor communication. Although it is often perceived as a quick and less confrontational way to end a relationship, ghosting can lead to significant psychological effects for both the initiator and the recipient, including anxiety, sadness, guilt, or relief. Digital communication facilitates this behaviour by minimising the discomfort of direct confrontation. Normative perceptions and cultural factors influence its acceptance and emotional consequences. A notable lack of validated and consistent instruments for assessing ghosting was identified. Conclusions: Ghosting can affect the mental health of those involved. Its inclusion in affective-sexual health interventions is recommended, along with the development of valid instruments that allow for rigorous evaluation.