Electrochemical biosensing methods for analysis of trace biomarkers: a review

Electrochemical biosensing methods have many advantages such as high sensitivity, portable instruments, fast response, low cost, etc. In recent years, electrochemical biosensing methods have been widely used for the analysis of biomarkers and demonstrated rapid progress. This review systematically covers the recent progress in electrochemical biosensing methods for trace biomarker analysis, with a primary focus on developments over the past decade. The article discusses advancements in probe preparation using metal coordination materials, metal nanomaterials, organic redox materials, and polymer nanocomposites, and highlights the construction of electrochemical DNA biosensing strategy, electrochemical aptamer biosensing strategy, and electrochemical immune-biosensing strategy. Typical applications of electrochemical biosensing methods for metal ions, virus biomarkers, and short non-protein coding RNAs are further summarized. Challenges and future perspectives are also discussed to guide further research in bioanalysis and electrochemistry.