Eggshell Membrane Incorporated Gelatin‐Tannic Acid‐Alginate Composite Bioink with Tissue Adhesive and Antibacterial Properties for Skin Tissue Engineering

ABSTRACT Bioinks for skin tissue engineering should demonstrate rapid wound healing, appropriate mechanical stability, cell proliferation, and antibacterial activity. Additionally, proper tissue adhesion at the bioink‐tissue interface is necessary to avoid suturing of the scaffold to the skin tissue, which may lead to additional trauma due to suturing. However, most bioinks fail to exhibit these properties in synergy. To bridge this gap, this study presents the fabrication of a novel gelatin‐tannic acid‐alginate composite bioadhesive bioink reinforced with eggshell membrane (ESM). 3% ESM in the bioink matrix demonstrates superior printability, post‐printing cell viability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, degradation rate, and mechanical stability. The bioink demonstrates excellent printability, high shape integrity, and minimal collapse while maintaining high post‐printing cell viability of encapsulated L929 mouse fibroblasts. ESM aids cell proliferation and enhances collagen I production, which is essential for wound healing. Incorporating ESM also significantly increases the mechanical properties, antibacterial activity (against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria), and in vitro fibroblast migration. Bioadhesive properties in a porcine skin model demonstrate that tannic acid and ESM significantly enhance the adhesion strength (32.85 ± 2.23 kPa) of the bioink. These properties highlight the bioink's potential for clinical application in skin tissue engineering.