Recent Advances in Synergistic Modulation of Transition-Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation: A Mini Review

Synergistic modulation has been extensively explored to develop highly efficient transition-metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because coupling effects among intrinsic activity, conductivity, mass transfer, mass diffusion, and intermediates adsorption can further promote catalytic activity. In this review, recent progress in both experimental and theoretical research on synergistic modulation for transition-metal-based alkaline OER electrocatalysts is focused. Specifically, synergistic effects will be presented in the following aspects: (1) metal reactive sites and heterogeneous atoms; (2) heterogeneous atoms and crystallographic structure; (3) electronic structure and morphology; (4) elementary reaction steps; and (5) external fields. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects of synergistic modulation for efficient OER are further proposed.