Product and Process Innovations: A Review of Organizational and Environmental Determinants

Abstract Empirical studies of the effects of organizational and environmental factors on product and process innovations are reviewed in this chapter. Our review shows that, for most determinants, the results across the studies are mixed and inconclusive. It also shows that most determinants do not differentiate be- tween product and process innovations; when they do, the difference is more of degree than of direction of the effect. These findings suggest that there may be contextual or methodological conditions under which the effects of the determinants can vary, or that product and process innovations are complementary, not distinct.