异型生物质的
免疫系统
趋化因子
生物
免疫学
促炎细胞因子
炎症
细胞因子
化学
生物化学
酶
作者
Kristin D. Gerson,Aaron Loder,Zachary Landau,Lauren Anton
标识
DOI:10.1111/1471-0528.17654
摘要
Xenobiotic metabolites are exogenous biochemicals that can adversely impact reproductive health. We previously identified xenobiotics in cervicovaginal fluid during pregnancy in association with short cervix. In other organ systems, xenobiotics can modify epithelial barrier function. We hypothesise that xenobiotics dysregulate epithelial cell and macrophage immune responses as a mechanism to disrupt the cervicovaginal barrier.In vitro cell culture system.Laboratory within academic institution.Vaginal, ectocervical and endocervical epithelial cell lines and primary macrophages.Cells were treated with diethanolamine (2.5 mM), ethyl glucoside (5 mM) or tartrate (2.5 mM) for 24 h.Cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases were measured in cell supernatants (n = 3 per condition). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett's test for multiple comparisons was performed.Diethanolamine induces inflammatory cytokines, whereas ethyl glucoside and tartrate generally exert anti-inflammatory effects across all cells. Diethanolamine increases interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon γ-induced protein 10 kDa (IP-10), growth-regulated oncogene (GRO), fractalkine, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-9 and MMP-10 (p < 0.05 for all), factors involved in acute inflammation and recruitment of monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Ethyl glucoside and tartrate decrease multiple cytokines, including RANTES and MCP-1 (p < 0.05 for all), which serve as chemotactic factors. Vaginal cells exhibit heightened inflammatory tone compared with cervical cells and macrophages, with a greater number of differentially expressed analytes after xenobiotic exposure.Xenobiotic metabolites present in the cervicovaginal space during pregnancy modify immune responses, unveiling potential pathways through which environmental exposures may contribute to the pathogenesis of cervical remodelling preceding preterm birth. Future work identifying xenobiotic sources and routes of exposure offers the potential to modify environmental risks to improve pregnancy outcomes.
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