A review on Paris polyphylla Smith: A vulnerable medicinal plant species of a global significance

Paris polyphylla Smith is an overexploited vulnerable medicinal plant species with its distribution in the Himalayas and Southeast Asian Mountains. Due to its enormous medicinal properties the species is used in different medicine system for the cure of a wide range of aliments. Its anti-microbial, anti-viral, and immune-modulating properties are exploited for the well-being of people across the globe. We reviewed the published literature on various aspects of P. polyphylla including current state of research, ecology, traditional uses, molecular characterization, phytochemical composition, cultivation techniques, economic benefits, trade, threats, and future conservation implications. The species plays an important role in the healthcare of the mountain indigenous communities and have been used to cure a wide range of diseases and ailments. Nearly 100 phytochemicals of medicinal importance have been reported in the species among which steroidal saponins and polyphyllins are the key compounds. Many propagation protocols have been developed for ex-situ cultivation and conservation of the species and cultivation from rhizomes has been suggested as most appropriate technique. Despite the large-scale illegal trade of the species worldwide, conservation and management guidelines are missing in many areas. Thus, in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures are important for sustainable utilization of the species.