miR‐22‐3p in the rostral ventrolateral medulla promotes hypertension through inhibiting β‐arrestin‐1

Abstract It has been documented that increased sympathetic activity contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. We previously reported that β‐arrestin‐1, a multifunctional cytoskeletal protein, was downregulated in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), and its overexpression elicited an inhibitory effect on sympathetic activity in hypertension. microRNA (miR)‐22‐3p has been reported to be associated with the pathological progress of hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of miR‐22‐3p in β‐arrestin‐1‐mediated central cardiovascular regulation in hypertension. It was observed that miR‐22‐3p was upregulated in the RVLM of SHRs compared with normotensive Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats, and it was subsequently confirmed to target the β‐arrestin‐1 gene using a dual‐luciferase reporter assay. miR‐22‐3p was downregulated in the RVLM using adeno‐associated virus with ‘tough decoys’, which caused a significant increase of β‐arrestin‐1 expression and decrease of noradrenaline and blood pressure (BP) in SHRs. However, upregulation of miR‐22‐3p using lentivirus in the RVLM of WKY rats significantly increased BP. In in vitro PC12 cells, enhanced oxidative stress activity induced by angiotensin II was counteracted by pretreatment with miR‐22‐3p inhibitor, and this effect could be abolished by β‐arrestin‐1 gene knockdown. Furthermore, microglia exhaustion significantly diminished miR‐22‐3p expression, and enhanced β‐arrestin‐1 expression in the RVLM of SHRs. Activation of BV2 cells in vitro evoked a significant increase of miR‐22‐3p expression, and this BV2 cell culture medium was also able to facilitate miR‐22‐3p expression in PC12 cells. Collectively, our findings support a critical role for microglia‐derived miR‐22‐3p in inhibiting β‐arrestin‐1 in the RVLM, which is involved in central cardiovascular regulation in hypertension. image Key points Impairment of β‐arrestin‐1 function in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) has been reported to be associated with the development of sympathetic overactivity in hypertension. However, little is known about the potential mechanisms of β‐arrestin‐1 dysfunction in hypertension. miR‐22‐3p is implicated in multiple biological processes, but the role of miR‐22‐3p in central regulation of cardiovascular activity in hypertension remains unknown. We predicted that miR‐22‐3p could directly bind to the β‐arrestin‐1 gene ( Arrb1 ), and this hypothesis was confirmed by using a dual‐luciferase reporter assay. Inhibition of β‐arrestin‐1 by miR‐22‐3p was further verified in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Furthermore, our results suggested miR‐22‐3p as a risk factor for oxidative stress in the RVLM, thus contributing to sympatho‐excitation and hypertension. Our present study provides evidence that microglia‐derived miR‐22‐3p may underlie the pathogenesis and progression of neuronal hypertension by inhibiting β‐arrestin‐1 in the RVLM.