Short-Term Acoustic Effects of Speech Therapy in Transgender Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PURPOSE: This study measured and compared the acoustic short-term effects of pitch elevation training (PET) and articulation-resonance training (ART) and the combination of both programs, in transgender women. METHOD: of /a/-/i/-/u/), formant contrasts, vowel space, and vocal quality (Acoustic Voice Quality Index) were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: of /u/, vowel space, and formant contrasts increased after the combination of PET and ART; hence, the combination induced more increases in formant frequencies. Intensity and voice quality measurements did not change. No order effect was detected; that is, starting with PET or ART did not change the outcome.