New biologics and targeted therapies in systemic lupus: From new molecular targets to new indications. A systematic review

Despite available therapies, persistently active and corticosteroid-dependent Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) represent a significant therapeutic challenge. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide an updated view of targeted therapies currently in clinical development in SLE, with a special focus on the most promising ones. We performed a systematic review of targeted therapies in clinical development in SLE in clinicaltrials.gov (search date: 28th of August 2022). Targeted therapies (defined as drugs specifically designed to block certain molecules, receptors, or pathways involved in the development of SLE) were extracted. For each investigational drug, we considered only the study at the most advanced stage of clinical development. The systematic review yielded a total of 92 targeted therapies (58 biological DMARDs [bDMARDs] and 34 targeted synthetic [ts]DMARDs) assessed in a total of 203 clinical trials. The candidate drugs reached phase I (n = 20), Ia/IIb (n = 6), phase II (n = 51), phase II/III (n = 1), phase III (n = 13) and phase IV (n = 1). These trials were reported as recruiting (n = 31), active but not recruiting (n = 8), not yet recruiting (n = 4), enrolling by invitation (n = 2), completed (n = 31), prematurely terminated (n = 12) and withdrawn in 1 (status unknown in 3). The main investigational drugs for SLE target inflammatory cytokines, chemokines or their receptors (n = 19), intracellular signaling pathways (n = 18), B cells (n = 14) or plasma cells (n = 7), T/B cells co-stimulation molecules (n = 10), complement molecules (n = 5), T lymphocytes (n = 2), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (n = 2), as well as various other immune targets (n = 15). The pipeline of investigational drugs in SLE is highly diversified and will hopefully enable more optimal Treat-To-Target with the goal of disease modification. Companion biomarkers will be needed to better characterized SLE heterogeneity and optimize treatment selection at the individual-patient level.