Multilevel crystal plasticity models of single- and polycrystals. Direct models

The paper continues the review of works on the development and application of multiscale physical models to analyzing the behavior of single- and polycrystals under severe plastic deformation. Unlike mathematical models of plasticity, this class of models operates with meso- and microstructures of deformed material and allows analysis of their evolution. The recently much used so-called direct models that are based on crystal plasticity theories and numerical methods are discussed.