Natural course of acquired pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation—Is routine follow‐up imaging indicated or not?

Thermal injury during radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) can lead to pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS). The aim of the present study was to analyze the natural course of RFA-induced PVS with regard to the grade of stenosis, clinical symptoms, and mortality during long-term follow-up.All patients with follow-up imaging for radiofrequency-induced untreated PVS were retrospectively assessed. From 2004 to 2017, the total rate of PVS following AF ablation in our center was 0.78% (87 of 11 103). Thirty-eight patients with a total of 54 untreated PVS underwent follow-up including imaging scan. The mean degree of stenosis at the time of diagnosis was 57% ± 27% vs 45% ± 35% (P = .05) after a mean follow-up of 43 ± 31 months. There was a shift in severity of the PVS: 18 of 54 (33%) vs 16 of 54 (30%) severe PVS, 19 of 54 (35%) vs 10 of 54 (18%) moderate PVS, and 17 of 54 (32%) vs 28 of 54 (52%) mild PVS (P = .0001). The mean symptom score decreased significantly during follow-up (1.8 ± 1.0 vs 0.4 ± 0.5, P = .0001). Each of the four patients with progression of PVS underwent another pulmonary vein isolation for AF recurrence following pulmonary vein reconduction during follow-up period.This study showed a spontaneous reduction in stenosis grade and symptoms of PVS over a 3.5-year follow-up. Consequently, routine follow-up imaging of PVS seems not to be necessary. However, additional RF energy delivery to stenotic pulmonary veins should be avoided if possible. In case of conduction recovery, the ablation line should be done wide-antrally and follow-up imaging of PVS is recommended.