JEC Tank-to-Wheels Report v5: Heavy duty vehicles: Well-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context

In this study typical figures for fuel consumption (FC), CO2 and CO2-equivalent emissions as well as energy consumption of current and future propulsion and fuel configurations for heavy duty vehicles (HDV) have been assessed. This report covers the Tank-to-Wheels (TTW) part of a comprehensive Well-to-Wheel (WTW) analysis. The parts of the study related to Well-to-Tank (WTT) analysis and to integrated WTW view are published in separate reports.\n●\tThe following two HDV configurations have been analysed:\n●\tRigid truck with 18 tons gross vehicle mass rating (GVMR) designed for use in regional delivery mission (“group 4 vehicle”) \n●\tTractor-semitrailer combination with 40 tons GVMR designed for use in long haul mission (“group 5 vehicle”)\nThe analysed HDV configurations are either driven with a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) or an electrified propulsion system (xEV). ICE only configurations include the technologies:\n●\tDirect Injection Compression Ignition (CI)\n●\tPort Injection Positive Ignition (PI)\n●\tLNG High Pressure Direct Injection Compression Ignition (HPDI)\nFor CI engines the fuels Diesel B0, B7 and B100 (FAME) as well as DME, ED95, OME and Paraffinic Diesel were considered. For PI engines CNG and LNG were analysed. The electrified propulsion systems include:\n●\tHybrid electric vehicle (HEV)\n●\tBattery electric vehicle (BEV)\n●\tCatenary electric vehicle (CEV)\n●\tHydrogen/Fuel cell (FCEV)\nAll considered vehicle concepts have been analysed for the model years 2016 and 2025, whereby 2016 models are representing the state of the art on the European market for the individual application purpose. Vehicle specifications for 2025 are based on a technology assessment of future improvements. For xEV concepts the it is at the moment not possible to identify typical vehicle configurations as the these systems are currently a new technology under development for HDV. As a consequence xEV vehicle specifications and related results as elaborated in the present study shall been understood as examples for these new technologies.\nSimulation of vehicles which are driven by an ICE only have been performed with the software Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation tool (VECTO), the tool which is also used for the CO2 certification of HDV in the EU. Electrified propulsion systems have been simulated with the model PHEM as these propulsion concepts are not covered in the current VECTO version. \nFigure 1 and Figure 2 give a summary on the results on transport specific figures (i.e. per tonne-kilometre) for energy consumption and TTW CO2-equivalent emissions. The main conclusions on the comparison of different propulsion systems drawn from these results are given in chapter 7 of this report.