Early Biofilm Formation on Rough and Smooth Titanium Specimens: a Systematic Review of Clinical Studies

There is a concern whether the enhancement on implant surface roughness is responsible for higher biofilm formation, which acts as an aetiological factor for peri-implant diseases. The aim of the present systematic review was to answer the following question: "Are rough surfaces more susceptible to early biofilm formation when compared to smoother surfaces on titanium specimens?".