Optimizing adsorption and photocatalysis for tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole removal: the role of Ag + and NH 4 + in Bi-MOF derivatives

/Bi-MOF also exhibited significant photocatalytic activity, influenced by the presence of ammonium ions, which altered the surface chemistry of the catalyst and affected the adsorption and degradation processes. Reusability tests confirmed that these photocatalysts maintained high degradation efficiency over multiple cycles, highlighting their potential for practical environmental applications. This research provides a sustainable and effective solution for the removal of persistent organic pollutants such as TC and SMX.