Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Contributes to Oral Cancer Pain via Regulating Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis

Oral cancer causes intense pain at the primary site, and such pain can impair oral functions. However, the underlying mechanisms for oral cancer pain are still not fully understood. In the present study, it is investigated whether programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is involved in the development of oral cancer pain.