Nanodiamond: a multifaceted exploration of electrospun nanofibers for antibacterial and wound healing applications

In this review, we explore the exciting potential of nanodiamonds (NDs) as innovative materials for future wound dressings. These materials aim to tackle important issues in wound care and offer fresh solutions. While NDs show promising mechanical and structural properties, their full potential in wound healing applications is still not fully explored. We emphasize their unique features-like high surface area, the dispersion of functional groups, and excellent purity-which contribute to their mechanical stability, adhesion, growth, and movement-all critical for effective wound healing and tissue repair. We also focused on modifying the surface of these particles using various functionalization, which can enhance their biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, heat conductivity, and wettability. This positions NDs as a powerful tool for improving chronic wound care in the future. However, there are notable challenges when it comes to scaling up ND-based nanofiber matrices, which currently limits the electrospinning process for mass production. Also, issues with the physical and chemical stability of ND-based nanofibers when interacting with cells need to be resolved to guarantee long-lasting effectiveness. In this study, we tackle these challenges by suggesting solutions like surface functionalization, optimizing the electrospinning process, and creating hybrid scaffolds. Our findings show that these innovations can effectively address scalability and stability issues, paving the way for broader clinical applications. This review not only emphasizes the advantages of NDs in wound healing but also introduces new insights for enhancing the biocompatibility and functionality of ND-based nanofibers, finally pushing the technology of wound dressings forward.