Inclusion of spatio-energetic charge sharing effect model for accurate photon counting CT simulation

Background: Photon counting CT has demonstrated exceptional performance in spatial resolution, density resolution, and image quality, earning recognition as a groundbreaking technology in medical imaging. However, its technical implementation continues to face substantial challenges, including charge sharing effects. Objective: To develop a spatio-energetic charge-sharing modulation model for accurate photon counting CT simulation (SmuSim). Specifically, SmuSim is built upon the previously developed photon counting toolkit (PcTK) and thoroughly incorporates the charge sharing effects that occur in photon counting CT. Methods: The proposed SmuSim firstly enrolls three primary modules, i.e., photon transport, charge transport, and charge induction to characterize the charge sharing effects in the photon counting CT imaging chain. Then, Monte Carlo simulation is also conducted to validate the feasibility of the proposed SmuSim with well-built charge sharing effects model. Results: Under diverse detector configurations, SmuSim's energy spectrum response curves exhibit a remarkable alignment with Monte Carlo simulations, in stark contrast to the Pctk results. In both digital and clinical phantom studies, SmuSim effectively simulates distorted photon counting CT images. In digital physical phantom simulations, the deviations in attenuation coefficient due to charge sharing effects are −49.70%, −19.66%, and −3.33% for the three energy bins, respectively. In digital clinical phantom simulations, the differences in attenuation coefficient are −19.92%, −4.98%, and −0.6%, respectively. In the two simulation studies, the deviations between the results obtained from SmuSim and those from Monte Carlo simulation are less than 3% and 2%, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed SmuSim. Conclusion: We analyze charge sharing effects in photon counting CT, a comprehensive analytical model, and finally simulate CT images with charge sharing effects for evaluation.