Molecular basis and clinical application of targeted therapy in oncology

Targeted therapy and precision oncology aim to improve efficacy and minimize side effects by targeting specific molecules involved in cancer growth and spread. With the advancements in genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics with the accessible modalities such as next-generation sequencing, circulating tumor cells, and tumor Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), more number of patients are being offered the targeted therapy in form of monoclonal antibodies and various intracellular targets, specific for their tumor. The harnessing of host immunity against the cancer cells by utilizing immune-oncology agents and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has further revolutionized the management of various cancers. These agents, however, have the challenge of managing the adverse effects that are peculiar to the class of drugs and very different from the conventional chemotherapy. This review article discusses the molecular basis, diagnostics, and use of targeted therapy in oncology.