Sample preparation and instrumental detection methods for tetracycline antibiotics

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) are among the most common broad spectrum antibiotic. Since 1940s, they have been widely used to prevent and treat human and animal infections, as well as growth promoters in animal feed. However, antibiotics are a double-edged sword. TCs can accumulate in humans and animals through the food chain, affecting human health and developing drug resistance. Therefore, TCs in food and environmental samples must be accurately analysed. In this review, analytical methods of TCs in various samples are summarised, focusing on novel sample pretreatment and detection techniques.