Synthetic technologies, property enhancements and versatile applications of calcium copper titanate: A review

The development of clean, sustainable and renewable energy sources is now the key to the urgent need to solve energy problems in countries around the world. How to efficiently store energy to reduce energy loss and reduce the burden on the environment is a hot topic of research. Traditional dielectric materials have low dielectric constants, low energy storage density and high dielectric losses, which seriously restrict their further development and application. Calcium copper titanate (CCTO) has become a new generation of capacitors and energy memories due to its high dielectric constant, good stability, fast dielectric response and other characteristics. It has an important role in the miniaturization, lightweighting and energy saving of electronic devices. Based on this, this paper firstly introduces the crystal structure, dielectric and photocatalytic properties of CCTO, then systematically analyses and compares the synthesis techniques of CCTO, followed by a summary of its performance enhancement strategies in electrical, optical, magnetic, thermal and acoustic aspects, and finally discusses the applications of CCTO in various fields and provides an outlook on potential future development directions. This review provides a foundation for the research and development of CCTO-based systems and is instructive for the development of CCTO in power conversion and energy storage.