Effectiveness of self‐management interventions on Type 2 diabetes among young adults (18–45 years): A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Aims Self‐management interventions effectively improve health outcomes in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Young adults living with Type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk of diabetes‐related complications, hospitalisation and reduced quality of life. While self‐management is key in diabetes care, its effectiveness in young adults with Type 2 diabetes remains unclear. This review assessed self‐management interventions' impact on health outcomes in young adults (18–45 years) with Type 2 diabetes. Methods Five electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2024. Trials evaluating self‐management interventions versus usual care in young adults were included. Outcomes of interest were clinical, self‐care behaviour and psychological health. Meta‐analysis used a random effects model; study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB2) and the JBI checklist for quasi‐experimental studies. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024522979). Results Ten studies were included, nine in the meta‐analysis, which reported no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in HbA1c, body mass index, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids, depression or self‐efficacy outcomes. Nevertheless, these findings are imprecise due to few studies, missing data and small sample sizes. Commonly used behaviour change techniques were goals and planning, shaping knowledge and feedback/monitoring. Conclusions Existing self‐management interventions did not improve clinical and psychological outcomes among young adults (18–45 years) living with Type 2 diabetes. More effective strategies are needed for this priority population.