An activated wheat CC G10 -NLR immune receptor forms an octameric resistosome

SUMMARY Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) are widespread intracellular immune sensors across kingdoms. In plants, the G10-type coiled-coil (CC G10 )-NLRs form a distinct phylogenetic clade that remains poorly characterized. Here, we identified a gain-of-function (GOF) mutant of Wheat Autoimmunity 3 ( WAI3 ), designated WAI3 GOF , which encodes a constitutively activated CC G10 -NLR protein due to an amino acid substitution. Cryo-EM structural analysis revealed that activated WAI3 assembles into a distinctive octameric resistosome. Arabidopsis RPS2, another CC G10 -NLR, also forms an octamer, indicating a conserved structural property across monocot and dicot plants. The WAI3 resistosome mediates a prolonged and sustained increase in cytosolic calcium influx, facilitated by a unique channel architecture arising from its divergent CC domain configuration. Notably, this domain arrangement may be shared by many plant NLRs that lack the conserved EDVID motif in their CC domains. Our findings uncover a previously uncharacterized resistosome structure and provide insights into plant immune receptor plasticity.