Energy storage in the 21st century: A comprehensive review on factors enhancing the next-generation supercapacitor mechanisms

Supercapacitors are promising candidates for energy storage devices with longer cycle life and higher power density. The development of next-generation supercapacitors relies on a profound understanding of the underlying mechanisms that boost their performance. This comprehensive review critically examines the factors influencing the next-generation supercapacitor mechanisms. It covers the fundamental principles of supercapacitors, including their unique charge storage mechanisms, such as electrical double layer and pseudo-capacitance. It investigates various materials and techniques viz. electrode morphology, the utilisation of advanced electrode materials, and surface modifications for enhancing specific capacitance. Furthermore, it delves into the critical role of electrolytes in supercapacitors' performance. It also assesses the influence of different electrolytes on capacitance, voltage window, and cycling stability. The effect of electroconductivity on the enhanced performance of supercapacitors is also investigated. Additionally, the review covers the in-depth significance of externally applied magnetic fields on supercapacitor systems. Research on factors enhancing the capacitance is crucial for producing next-generation supercapacitors with greater efficiency. The vitality of this research lies in improving energy storage devices, transport electrification, stabilizing electrical grids, powering portable electronic devices, and reducing intermittency issues. Moreover, the enhanced capacitance of supercapacitors can reduce reliance on fossil fuels, contributing to a more sustainable energy storage solution.