Autophagy induced by hypoxia in pulpitis is mediated by HIF-1α/BNIP3

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its downstream factor, 19 kDa BCL-2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), promote cellular autophagy under hypoxic conditions. However, their roles in pulpitis are unclear. Therefore, the changes in inflammatory response and autophagy levels caused by hypoxia during pulpitis were evaluated. Additionally, the regulatory mechanism of HIF-1α/BNIP3 in cellular autophagy in pulpitis was explored.