Development of fully green composites utilizing thermoplastic starch and cellulosic fibers from agro-waste: a critical review

The growing awareness of environmental concerns and the increasing demand for sustainable materials have driven the development of eco-friendly alternatives. Green composites have emerged as a widely adopted solution, owing to their biodegradability, eco-friendliness, and environmental benefits. Among green composites starch-based composites have made significant progress toward commercially viable products, but their weak mechanical characteristics, high hydrophilicity, and high density limit their widespread application. Researchers are exploring using agro-waste cellulosic fibers, abundant by-products from agricultural practices, as reinforcing fillers in the thermoplastic starch matrix. This critical review aims to highlights significant advancements made by incorporating agro-waste cellulosic fibers into various starch matrices. The findings reveal that the integration of these materials significantly enhances the mechanical properties, water resistance, and biodegradability of the resulting composites. This review also offers researchers and industry professionals valuable insights into sustainable materials.