Mitochondria-targeted nanocarriers doubled the toxicity of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis disruptive insecticides against Spodoptera frugiperda

A mitochondria-targeted pesticide delivery system (MSN-CMC-TPP) for the ATP synthesis disruptor chlorfenapyr (Chl) was developed. The MSN-CMC-TPP system enhanced Chl efficacy by inducing mitochondrial damage in Sf9 cells.