Weak Interactions in Catalysis

Traditional catalytic theory has predominantly centered on static chemical bond processes, specifically the weakening, breaking, strengthening, and formation of chemical bonds – representing relatively fixed patterns of transformation. Whereas the dynamic regulatory mechanisms of weak interactions have been relatively understudied. This paradigm shift emerges from recognizing how precisely engineered 3D spatial arrangements govern catalytic efficiency: directional hydrogen bonds, size-matched hydrophobic cavities, and π-π stacking at optimal distances collectively create confined microreactors that steer reaction pathways. Through systematic analysis of hydrogen bond strength gradation, synergistic multicomponent coupling and cross-scale systems (such as the catalyst phosphonium chalcogenide 9 (PCH9), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks) supported by theoretical and experimental evidence, we propose: (1) Strong hydrogen bonds can rigidify molecular networks to selectively stabilize intermediates, whereas weak interactions dynamically optimize interfacial microenvironments; (2) Cooperative weak interactions can activate inert substrates and enable efficient charge/proton transfer; (3) Weak-interaction networks provide a scalable design framework for selectivity across molecular to mesoscale systems. This paradigm establishes a universal mechanistic framework for catalysis beyond traditional static bond models. In future work, operando spectroscopy should be employed to quantify transient weak interactions lifetimes and facilitate scalable applications in sustainable fine chemical synthesis.