Polystyrene Micro(nano)plastic-Induced Ca2+ Disorder Activates Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondrial Signaling Pathways to Synergistically Promote Apoptosis in Human Lung Cells

) of PS, the rule of different signaling pathways that synergistically induce toxicity in BEAS-2B cells was discerned. Conditional appearance of caspase 12 pathway and sustained coactivation of IRE1α-XBP 1s-Chop and mitochondrial pathways were proved to be related to effective PS deposition and mitochondria-associated ER membrane mediation, respectively. The synergistic signaling pathways causing aberrant BEAS-2B cell apoptosis under environmentally relevant dosages highlight the complexity of PS toxicity in the respiratory system. These results provide a new insight into the toxicological mechanisms of MNP in the human body.