Evaluation of Chinese Yam Polysaccharide-Aluminum Hydroxide Nanoparticle Combination Adjuvant for Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Vaccine and Underlying Mechanisms

T cells, and enhanced the production of IFN-γ and IL-6, thereby inducing a mixed Th1 and Th2 immune response. Notably, our results revealed the crucial role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathways in DC activation stimulated by the CYP-AlNPs. The present study highlighted the potential of polysaccharide-alum nanoparticle combination adjuvants that act through different mechanisms to achieve enhanced immune responses, providing a new perspective on vaccine design.